My Review of A. Wess Mitchell's "Great Power Diplomacy"

 The Art of the Deal

 

Diplomat/historian A. Wess Mitchell has offered us a long history of diplomacy starting with Sparta’s conflict with Athens in 400 BCE up to the Nixon/Kissinger opening of China in the 1970’s. Instead of the direct application of force Mitchell views active diplomacy as a way of getting the best out of a weak hand and as a way to strengthen a strong hand in the game of nations.

 

His case studies also include Byzantium’s struggle against the Huns and Persia, Venice making peace with Milan to engage the Ottoman’s, Austria’s many struggles in Central Europe, France’s grand strategy in the 1600’s, Bismarck’s in the 1800’s and Britain’s at the turn of the 20^th Century. Above all to Mitchell, interests triumph over ideology requiring a nation to play the hand with the cards it is dealt.

 

Especially interesting to me was Austria’s Prince Kaunitz, Metternich’s predecessor, using Louis XIV’s mistress Madame Pompadour as a go between to establish an alliance with France against Frederick the Great’s Prussia. A few years later we see Austria, guided by Metternich making an alliance with Prussia to stave off France. Indeed, interests are far more permanent than alliances. Also fascinating are the machinations of France’s Cardinal Richelieu making an alliance with Protestant Sweden against Catholic Austria. Mind you this is against the backdrop of huge religious strife in Europe.

 

Mitchell discusses at length Britain’s realization that by 1900 it was overstretched and had to reduce its global commitments. Mitchell follows Lord Landsdowne as he makes deals with Japan limiting its involvement in the Western Pacific, with Russia in Central Asia and with the Untied States in the America’s. All of this was necessary to gird the nation for the war that would come with Germany. If there is one message in the book is that core interests take precedence over peripheral interests. This blog previously reviewed Kori Schaki’s work on the same topic. (See: Shulmaven: My Amazon Review of Kori Schake's "Safe Passage: The Transition from British to American Hegemony" )

 

Another lesson of the book is the importance of mobilizing effective coalitions and isolating the enemy. The worst thing that can happen is to be isolated against a strong enemy. Opponents have to be constrained and if they can’t be constrained by the threat of force, bribery sometimes works as in the case of Byzantium buying off the Huns. But bribery should not be confused with appeasement of a direct rival. In the case mentioned Persia was the direct rival and the bribes enabled Byzantium to hold its own.

 

In reading Mitchell’s book, one has to shudder just to think about Trump’s foreign policy. Instead of making alliances, he is destroying them and making America more isolated while Russia and China are moving in the fill in the vacuum, not a pleasant sight. ( See: Shulmaven: Some Thoughts on Trump's National Security Strategy ) One would hope that at least a few Trump staffers would sneak away to read this valuable volume on foreign policy.